Changing epidemiology in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and challenging balance between new strategies in empirical antibiotics and emergence of resistant bacteria

It has now been well described that bacterial infections are a common complication of liver cirrhosis and the most frequent precipitant of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). ACLF, in turn, is a major risk factor for developing nosocomial infections which have a major deleterious effect on prognosis (1).